Comparison: MySQL vs Neon

Modified date: Monday, June 30, 2025

Table of Contents

Introduction
General
Data Types
SQL
Storage and System
Benchmarking
Tools
Export Regulations
Internal
Internal - Optimizer
Internal - Runtime
Internal - Storage Engine

General

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
intro	MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) that’s used to store and manage data.	Neon is a serverless open-source alternative to AWS Aurora Postgres. It separates storage and compute and substitutes the PostgreSQL storage layer by redistributing data across a cluster of nodes.	in their own words - but I reserved the rights to remove some bold claims like "the best", unless it is widely recognized.
vendor	Oracle	Databricks
initial release	1995	2021
latested version	9	8717	We don't put a release date here as the software is patching frequently. So tracking it is not much useful.
db-engines ranking	2	no ranking	ranks from https://db-engines.com/en/ranking (06/25)
relational?	yes	yes	Is it a relational database? (1) Most database are actually with some extensions, for example, nested data types, graph support, etc, which we usually called "multi-model". (2) Some of them are product family, meaning they have more than one database. Here we focus on the main one but explain others when needed.
open source?	yes	yes	mainly the engine code
license	commerical, GNU a dual-license model: an open-source license (GPL) and commercial licenses	Apache
price: box software	$0 ~ $32,100 (2023) MySQL pricing by edition (annual subscriptions): （1）Community Edition: Open-source and free — from $0 (2) Standard Edition: Starts at $2,140/year for a two-core server; can scale up to $12,840/year as you add more cores portable.io (3) Enterprise Edition: Starts at $5,350/year for two cores; increases up to $32,100/year depending on core count
on-premise offering	yes		if no means you can't buy "box" software from them
cloud offering	None	cloud vendors
technical doc	https://dev.mysql.com/doc/	https://neon.com/docs/introduction
supported platforms		Linux and OSX Databricks acqured Neon on 05/2025	supported OS/CPU platforms

Data Types

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
int: signess	both	signed only	if differentiate signed and unsigned int
int: 1-bytes int name	tinyint	n.a.
int: 2-bytes int name	smallint	smallint
int: 3-bytes int name	mediumint	n.a.
int: 4-bytes int name	int	int
int: 8-bytes int name	bigint	bigint
decimal: storage size		variable
decimal: range		up to 131072 digits before the decimal point; up to 16383 digits after the decimal point	also called number, numeric in different systems
char(n): max bytes		10,485,760
text: max bytes		1G

SQL

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
SQL: standard complaince	medium	high
PL: main	SQL + SP	SQL + PL/PgSQL	main programming lanage: most database suports SQL because SQL is a well established standard. However, each database would like to extend SQL more or less.
PL: other language support	no	yes	PL lanaguage other than PL/SQL, like PL/Java, PL/Rust etc
Object-Relational?	no	yes
vector search	no native	no native	does it support vector search
base		PostgreSQL
max SQL length		undefined same as PostgreSQL with "StringInfo" container	maximal SQL statement length
SP: max parameters		100
UDF: max parameters		100
SQL: max parameters		65535	number of parameters in a PREPARED query
SQL: query hints		GUC only	if it allows use query hints to guide the optimizer
SQL: explicit locking		yes: row, page, table level	Locking is usually an internal matter - so does it allow explicit locking? What levels do they support?
Triggers?		yes	If support triggers
Triggers: scope		tables, views, foreign tables	What objects can have triggers
Triggers: type		BEFORE, AFTER, INSTEAD OF	Types of triggers supported
Extension Mechanism		C programming, link with engine

Storage and System

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
arch: server	C/S	C/S	Embedded or traditional C/S?
arch: run in browser?	no	no	It also known as a client-side database, is a database that is stored and managed within a user's web browser, rather than on a remote server.
arch: Multi-master support?	no	no	if multi-master support?
arch: primary/read replica?	yes	yes	if primary + mulitiple read replica supported
replication: sync/async	both	both	Can commits wait or w/o wait for replicas to acknowledge
ACID	yes/atomic DDL (non-transactional) Atomic DDL is not transactional DDL. DDL statements, atomic or otherwise, implicitly end any transaction that is active in the current session, as if you had done a COMMIT before executing the statement. This means that DDL statements cannot be performed within another transaction, within transaction control statements such as START TRANSACTION ... COMMIT, or combined with other statements within the same transaction.		for DML and DDL
ACID: durability	yes
Materialized View: support?	no
arch: in-memory support		no
		Neon is based on PostgreSQL with storage and compute separation enhancement for native cloud DB.
replication: WAL shipping		yes	Uses write-ahead log (WAL) shipping for replication

Benchmarking

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
any official TPC benchmarks?	no	no	The TPC benchmark includes a set of tests simulating real-world scenarios to evaluate database performance.

Tools

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
command line client	mysql	psql	it means "sql client" for database supporting SQL. For embedded atabase, the client includes the server together.
admin(GUI)	MySQL workbench	pgAdmin

Export Regulations

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
Jurisdiction	US	US	Which country controls export
ECCN	None	None	An Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) is a five-character alphanumeric code used to categorize items on the Commerce Control List (CCL) for export control purposes. Most database may fall into 5D992.c category, "mass market encryption", which means it has some ordinary encryption related code, for example, the SSL connection code.
Eligible License Exception / CCATS	Not required There is no ECCN for open source software	Not required	A License Exception is an authorization that allows you to export or reexport items subject to the EAR without needing to obtain a specific export license, provided certain conditions are met. CCATS stands for Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System. The BIS assigns a CCATS number to products that it has classified under the Commerce Control List (CCL).
Encryption Components	SSL	SSL	Crypto functionality that triggers control

Internal

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
concurrency control	InnoDB: MVCC	MVCC
MVCC: implemented?	yes	yes	if implement MVCC for concurrency control
MVCC: rollback segment	yes MySQL supports multiple storage engines, with InnoDB is popular. So we focus on InnoDB here.		if uses rollback segment (RS) to store old versions. Without RS, old versions and new versions are mixed stored, then the database engine has to find a way to efficiently drop the old versions at certain point.
Implementation language	C++	Rust	A DBMS may use mulitple programming languages, for example, supports its stored procedure. The major programming language used to implement the engine.

Internal - Optimizer

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
CBO?	yes	yes	if it employees a cost based optimizer
framework	System-R	System-R	System-R is more like a dynamic programming, bottom up optimizer, while Cascades/Volcano gebaseerd optimizer is more like top-down optimizer.
stats: multi column	no	yes	Multi-column stats may cause storage space bloat: for example, if one dimension has 100 buckets, then three dimensions will require 1M buckets - but reducing the total number of buckets will result in reduced accuracy.
plan guide?	no	no	Can we use plan guide to correct the plan? This is a more systematic and accurate way to repair the plan than plan hints. Especially during system upgrades, if the plan becomes worse, we can use plan guide to force a query to use a previous plan.
join order search		dynamic programming + Generic Algorithm (GEQO) reuse PostgreSQL's optimizer	How join order permutations are explored during plan generation.
query hints?		GUC only	if it allows use query hints to guide the optimizer

Internal - Runtime

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
spilling support	yes	yes	"spilling" refers to the process of writing temporary data or intermediate results of a query to disk when the available memory is exhausted. This is crucial for handling large datasets or complex queries that require more memory than available.
model	Volcano	Volcano + push for parallel run	The operator scheduling model: pull-gebaseerd (Volcano), push etc.
support intra-parallel query?	no	yes	meaning a single query can utilize multi hardware threads to run it
adaptive execution (AQP)?	no	no	Traditionally, after the optimizer determines the plan, the runtime must execute it completely without any room for adjustment, such as which of the two tables should be built. The adaptive method allows the runtime to make some adjustments based on the actual situation, and the optimizer must also prepare for this uncertainty, such as preparing an alternative plan.
vectorization	no native. HeatWave supports it (not open source).	no native	Speed up OLAP queries using vectorized execution. A vectorized runtime exchange a bunch of rows between iterators, and these rows are physically sotre with column-oriented order.
iterator: join methods	except MJ	all 3	Hash Join (HJ), Sort-Merge Join (MJ) and Nested loop Join (NLJ) are 3 major ones
Error: out-of-range and overflow	strict mode: abort. Non-strict mode: continue with warning.	abort the transaction	To maintain atomic requirement of ACID, database engine usually fail the statement and abort the transaction.
resource management		simple: work_mem controls per-operator memory use	How execution memory is allocated and limited.

Internal - Storage Engine

Feature	MySQL	Neon	Definition
Page Size	4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, 64K Every tablespace in a MySQL instance has the same page size. By default, all tablespaces have a page size of 16KB; you can reduce the page size to 8KB or 4KB by specifying the innodb_page_size option when you create the MySQL instance. You can also increase the page size to 32KB or 64KB.		The physical disk block size for storage and I/O.
Storage Compression	ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED
ACID: durability mechanism	InnoDB: WAL		How is it implements durability. Database's classic way is write ahead logging (WAL).